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Hakkō ichiu
was a Japanese political slogan that became popular from the Second Sino-Japanese War to World War II, and was popularized in a speech by Prime Minister of Japan Fumimaro Konoe on January 8, 1940.〔Beasley, Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945, pp. 226–7.〕
==Concept==
The term was coined early in the twentieth century by Nichiren sect Buddhist activist and nationalist Tanaka Chigaku, who cobbled it from parts of a statement attributed in the chronicle ''Nihon Shoki'' to legendary first emperor Jimmu at the time of his ascension.〔As early as 1928, the Japanese editorials were already preaching the theme of the ''hakko ichiu'' without using the specific term. Michio Nakajima, ''Tennō no daigawari to kokumin'', Aoki Shoten 1990, pp. 129–30.〕 The full statement by the Emperor Jimmu reads: "Hakkō wo ooute ie to nasan" (八紘を掩うて宇と為さん, or in the original kanbun Japanese: 掩八紘而爲宇), and means: "I shall cover the eight directions and make them my abode". The term "hakkō" (八紘), meaning "eight crown cords", was a metaphor for "happō" (八方) or "eight directions".〔Jitō 字統,Shirakawa Shizuka, Heibonsha, 1994, p. 302, 紘 entry. The ''kun''-reading "ie" for ''on'' "u" 宇 is now defunct, but at the time of the Nihon Shoki, readings were not yet fixed in the way that was later to become the case. Rather, any meaning associated with a Chinese character as used in Chinese was, in theory, available as a reading as evidenced by the sometimes extreme variation in the writing of even common words in the Nihon Shoki.〕
Ambiguous in its original context, Tanaka interpreted the statement attributed to Jimmu, as meaning that imperial rule had been divinely ordained to expand until it united the entire world. While Tanaka saw this outcome as resulting from the emperor's moral leadership, many of his followers were less pacifist in their outlook, despite some intellectuals', aware of the inherent nationalist implications, reactions to this term. Koyama Iwao (1905–93), disciple of Nishida, and drawing of Adornment Sutra Flower, proposed the interpretation "to be included or to find a place". This understanding was rejected by the military circles of the nationalist Right.〔See also Kosei Ishii〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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